SedatoHypnotics
Alpha Agonists (Selective Sympathomimetics)
Drugs:
- Xylasine: The least safe
- Detomidine: For Bovine and Equine
- Medetomidine
- Dexmedetomidine: The safest, For dogs and Cats
- Romifidine: For Equine
- Tasipimidine
- Vatinoxan: Only peripheral vascular effects
Alpha 2 Antagonists (Sympatholytics): Can quickly reverse the sedation and analgesia: pain during surgery
Summary:
CV effects, arrythmia
Hypertension then hypotension
Bad for thermoregulation
Strong sedation
Analgesia
Mechanism of action:
Alpha 2 Agonists act on the presynaptic α2 receptors to negatively retrocontrol and prevent release of Norepinephrine (Sympathetic Nervous System)
Pharmacokinetics:
PO: bad F
IV, IM or Oral gel
Quick distribution, cross BBB
Metabolized in the liver
Excreted in the kidney
Indication:
- Analgesia + Sedation:
- Combination for balanced anesthesia (Multimodal Analgesia): Reduced doses
- Barely painful interventions
- Inducing emesis
- Behavior Modifiers (Dexmedetomidine gel and Tasipimidine oral solution): for Phonophobia and Travelling
- Tasipimidine also used for separation anxiety on the short term
Effects:
SedatoHypnotics (Nervous animal will remain reactive)
Sedation (Behavior Modifiers)
Analgesics
Muscle relaxants
Hyperglycemia
Side effects:
Emesis (stronger on lower doses, IM > IV, cat > dog)
Vasoconstriction (α1) > Hypertension > atrioventricular block (N X Vagus) + α2 effect (vasodilation) > hypotension
Slightly disturbed thermoregulation
Decreased liver perfusion
Blocked Insulin release > Hyperglycemia: Like Diabetes Mellitus
Decreased Antidiuretic Hormone > Increased diuresis: Like Diabetes Insipidus
Fatigue
Muscle relaxants: Can cause GI atonia / lumen tympany
Contraindications:
Hepatic patients
CV patients
Diabetes Mellitus
Elderly animals