| Antibiotics | Narrow Spectrum Penicillins and Penicillinase Stable Penicillins | Extended Spectrum Penicillins + β-Lactamase Inhibitors | 1st Generation Cephalosporins and 2nd Generation Cephalosporins | 3rd Generation Cephalosporins and 4th Generation Cephalosporins | Aminoglycosides | Tetracyclines | Amphenicols | Macrolides | Lincosamides | Pleuromutilins | Fluoroquinolones | Nitroimidazoles | Nitrofurans | Potentiated Sulfonamides (PSA) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMEG | D | C | C | B Forbidden for Chicken | C Spectinomycin: D | D | C | C | C | C | B | D Forbidden for FPS | D Forbidden for FPS | D |
| Drugs: | Benzylpenicillin-Na/K, Procaine, Benzathine Phenoxymethyl-Penicillin Penethamat Methicillin Oxacillin Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin Flucloxacillin Nafcillin | Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid Ampicillin-Sulbactam | Cefalexin Cefadroxil Cefapirin Cefalonium Cefazoline Cefalotin Cefaclor Cefuroxime Axetil Cefoxitin Cefotetan Cefuroxime | Cefixime Cefpodoxime Proxetil Cefovecin Ceftiofur Cefotaxime Ceftazidime Ceftriaxone Cefoperazone Cefquinome | Spectinomycin Streptomycin Dihydrostreptomycin Neomycin Tobramycin Kanamycin Amikacin Paromomycin Framycetin Apramycin Gentamicin | Tetracycline Oxytetracycline Chlortetracycline Doxycycline Minocycline | Chloramphenicol Tiamphenicol Florfenicol | Tylosin Erythromycin Spiramycin Tilmicosin Tylvalosin Tildipirosin Tulathromycin Gamithromycin Azithromycin Clarithromycin Roxithromycin | Lincomycin Clindamycin Pirlimycin | Tiamulin Valnemulin | Enrofloxacin Marbofloxacin Ciprofloxacin Difloxacin Orbifloxacin Ofloxacin Pradofloxacin | Metronidazole Ronidazole Secnidazole | Nitrofurantoine | Sulfacetamide Sulfadimidine Sulfamethoxazole Sulfachloropyridazine Sulfadiazine Sulfaquinoxaline Sulfachloropyrazine Sulfasalazine Sulfadimethoxine Trimethoprim Trimethoprim Baquiloprim Pyrimethamine Diaveridine |
| Structure: | Hydrophilic β-Lactams ring with Thiazolidine ring | Hydrophilic β-Lactams ring with Thiazolidine ring + Suicide inhibitor | Hydrophilic β-Lactams ring with Dihydrothiazine ring | Lipophilic β-Lactams ring with Dihydrothiazine ring | Hydrophilic and weak base Glycoside with Amines | Lipophilic 4 Cycles Bind Ca2+ and Mg2+ | Lipophilic Small molecule Phenylpropanoid structure | Lipophilic and weak base Macrocyclic lactone ring with sugar moieties and Tertiary Amine | Lipophilic and weak base Similar properties to Macrolides | Lipophilic and weak base Similar properties to Macrolides | Lipophilic Quinolone ring with Fluor atom | Lipophilic Nitro group on heterocycle | Sulfonamides: PABA Analogue Precipitates at low pH Diaminopyrimidines: Lipophilic | |
| Mechanism of action: | PBP Inhibitor No wall synthesis | PBP and β-Lactamase inhibition No wall synthesis | PBP Inhibitor No wall synthesis | PBP Inhibitor No wall synthesis | 30S Inhibitor: Nonsense Protein synthesis | 30S Inhibitor | 50S Inhibitor | 50S Inhibitor | 50S Inhibitor | 50S Inhibitor | DNA Topoisomerase II and IV Inhibitor | Prodrug IC activation DNA damages | Prodrug IC activation Macromolecular damages | Folic Acid Synthesis Pathway Inhibitor |
| Mode of action: | Time Dependent Bactericidal Agents PAE > BID Administration | Time Dependent Bactericidal Agents PAE > BID Administration | Time Dependent Bactericidal Agents | Time Dependent Bactericidal Agents | Concentration Dependent Bactericidal Agents PAE > SID Administration | Bacteriostatic Agents | Bacteriostatic Agents Bactericidal Agents at high concentration | Bacteriostatic Agents Bactericidal Agents at high concentration | Bacteriostatic Agents | Bacteriostatic Agents | Concentration Dependent Bactericidal Agents PAE | Concentration Dependent Bactericidal Agents | Time Dependent Bactericidal Agents | Bacteriostatic Agents alone Time Dependent Bactericidal Agents together |
| Resistance: | Ab ovo: Mycobacterium Mycoplasma Chlamydia Enterococcus Acquired: PBP mutation for MRSA/MRSP β-Lactamase: Staphylococcus | Ab ovo: Mycobacterium Mycoplasma Chlamydia Acquired: PBP mutation for MRSA/MRSP Overuse: Enterobacteriacea | Ab ovo: Mycobacterium Mycoplasma Chlamydia Enterococcus Bordetella Acquired: PBP mutation for MRSA/MRSP β-Lactamase: E. coli ESBL | Ab ovo: Mycobacterium Mycoplasma Chlamydia Enterococcus Bordetella Acquired: PBP mutation for MRSA/MRSP β-Lactamase: E. coli ESBL | Rare Ab ovo: Anaerobes (Gr+ and Gr-) Streptococcus Acquired: One way Cross resistance Resistance is common for Spectinomycin | Ab ovo: Mycobacterium Pseudomonas Acquired: E. coli, Salmonella Pasteurella Streptococcus Staphylococcus | Less resistance problems Ab ovo: Mycobacterium Pseudomonas | Not frequent Cross resistance with Lincosamides and Amphenicols | Bad situation Most Gr- Including Fastidious and E. coli Cross resistance with Macrolides and Amphenicols | Enterobacteriaceae Unidirectional Cross resistance with Macrolides | Very frequent One step mutation Single shot injection High in Chicken Lower in Swine Frequent cross resistance in MRSA/MRSP | Low resistance Ab ovo: Proteus Pseudomonas | Ab ovo: Pseudomonas Campylobacter Brachyspira Mycoplasma Borrelia Leptospira Mycobacterium Enterococcus Spirochaetes Many Staphylococcus Acquired: Enterobacteriaceae Proteus Chlamydia Anaerobes | |
| Antibacterial spectrum: | Almost all Gr+: Clostridium Streptococcus Penicillinase Stable Penicillins only: Staphylococcus Narrow Spectrum Penicillins only: Some Gr-: Anaerobes Fastidious Tick borne: Leptospira Borrelia | Almost all Gr+: Clostridium Streptococcus Staphylococcus Enterococcus Several Gr-: Anaerobes Fastidious Tick borne: Leptospira Borrelia Prevotella Enterobacteriaceae: UTI only | 1st Generation Cephalosporins: Gr+: ++++ Streptococcus Staphylococcus Gr-: + Not most β-Lactamase producers 2nd Generation Cephalosporins: Gr+: +++ Gr-:++ Enterobacteriaceae | 3rd Generation Cephalosporins: Gr+: +++ Gr-: +++ Most β-Lactamase producers Anaerobes Fastidious E. coli Borrelia Pseudomonas: Ceftazidime and Cefoperazone 4th Generation Cephalosporins: Gr+: ++++ Gr-: ++++ Almost everything | Mostly Gr- aerobes: Fastidious Enterobacteriaceae Bordetella Leptospira Proteus Mycoplasma: Spectinomycin Few Gr+ aerobes: Staphylococcus (Mycobacterium) MRSA/MRSP: Amikacin Pseudomonas: GTA Protozoa: Leishmania Cryptosporidium | All Gr+: Except (Mycobacterium) Most Gr-: Anaerobes Fastidious Bordetella Lawsonia Rickettsiae Moraxella (Enterobacteriaceae) Wolbachia: Doxycycline Borrelia and Anaplasma: Doxycycline 1st choice Chlamydophilae: Tetracycline 1st choice Protozoa: Plasmodium Entamoeba Babesia Theileria | Gr+ and Gr- Aerobes and Anaerobes Fastidious Mycoplasma Chlamydophilae Rickettsiae Moraxella Aeromonas Vibrio MRSA / MRSP: Florfenicol | Good for Gr+ Few Gr-: Anaerobes Fastidious Bordetella Mycoplasma Chlamydophilae Borrelia Campylobacter: ACE Rhodococcus: ACE Brachyspira: Tylvalosin Lawsonia: Tylosin, Tylvalosin | Good for Gr+ Few Gr-: Anaerobes Mycoplasma Campylobacter Brachyspira: Lincomycin Lawsonia Toxoplasma: Lincomycin | Fine for Gr+: Some Gr-: Anaerobes Fastidious Mycoplasma Brachyspira Lawsonia | Many Gr-: Anaerobes: Pradofloxacin Fastidious Bordetella Mycoplasma Chlamydophilae Enterobacteriaceae Proteus Aeromonas Pseudomonas: CME Staphylococcus Streptococcus: Pradofloxacin | Clostridium Few Gr-: Anaerobes Helicobacter and HLO Protozoa: Giardia Trichomonas Tritrichomonas | Limited importance: Staphylococcus Enterococcus E. coli Protozoa | Most Gr+: Streptococcus Clostridium Erysipelothrix Nocardia S. hyicus Many Gr-: Fastidious Bordetella Protozoa: Coccidia Toxoplasma |
| Pharmacokinetics: Absorption | Poor Except Phenoxymethyl-Penicillin (PO) | Amoxicillin: Excellent Ampicillin: Moderate and reduced by feed | Good | Mostly Parenteral | Very poor PO for GI infection only | Short Acting Tetracyclines: Moderate (binds Ca2+ / Mg2+) Long Acting Tetracyclines: Excellent | Excellent | Variable | Good Decreased with food | Good Decreased with food Unchanged with water | Excellent But bad taste PO F decreased with ions | Excellent | Good | Good Decreased with Puss |
| Pharmacokinetics: Distribution | Poor Except Penethamat: Crosses BBB and BMB | Good | Very Good Crossing the BBB: Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cefoperazone High protein binding: Cefovecin, Ceftiofur | Poor Doesn’t cross special barriers | Very good Reaches bones Crosses the BBB | Excellent Reaches bones, placenta, prostate, brain Crosses special barriers Cross the BBB Penetrate IC Concentrate in the lungs | Good Reaches the bones, placenta, prostate Crosses the BMB Doesn’t cross the BBB Penetrate IC Concentrate in the lung | Excellent Reaches the bones, liver, kidneys, skin, eyes, prostate Doesn’t cross the BBB | Excellent Crosses the BBB Penetrates IC | Excellent Crosses special barriers: BBB, BMB, Prostate Penetrates IC Not influenced by Organic materials | Excellent Crosses special barriers: BBB, Prostate, Abcesses walls | Doesn’t reach therapeutic concentration in tissues | Excellent Cross special barriers: BBB, BMB, Prostate | |
| Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism | No | No | No | Extensive liver metabolism | No | Low degree Hepatotoxic on long term | Extensive liver metabolism | Extensive liver metabolism Erythromycin: CYP450 inhibition | Extensive liver metabolism | Liver metabolism CYP450 inhibition | Partial metabolism Metabolites are active CYP450 inhibition | Acetylation in Cats > Crystalluria | ||
| Pharmacokinetics: Elimination | Urine mainly | Urine (Active) Concentrated | Urine (Active) Except Cefaclor in Bile | Urine (Active) Except: Ceftriaxone and Cefoperazone in Bile | Gamma phase: Kidney accumulation | Short Acting Tetracyclines: Urine Concentrated Long Acting Tetracyclines: Large intestine: 75% Bile: 15% Urine: 10% | Urine (Mainly inactive) Bile | Bile (active): 90% Feces Long milk WP | Active Bile: 80-85% Urine: 15-20% | Bile Urine | Active Urine: Mainly Bile: Partially | Rapid excretion in Urine and Bile Persisting protein-bound metabolites | Active excretion in Urine | |
| Side effects: | Almost non-toxic Allergy Dysbacteriosis Procaine: Arrythmia and excitement in Foals and Piglets | Almost non-toxic Allergy Dysbacteriosis | Mild toxicity Allergy Dysbacteriosis Mild nephrotoxicity Tissue irritation | Mild toxicity Allergy Dysbacteriosis Mild nephrotoxicity Tissue irritation | Ototoxic Nephrotoxic (especially Cats) Muscle relaxation | Hepatotoxic Nephrotoxic Photosensitivity Arrythmia Tissue necrosis Dysbacteriosis Teeth discoloration | Aplastic Anemia Pancytopenia Dysbacteriosis Accumulates in egg and milk Bad taste Painful injection | Cardiotoxicity Dysbacteriosis Fatal hyperthermia Tissue irritation GI irritation | Fatal Dysbacteriosis Oesophageal necrosis Tissue irritation | Low toxicity Dysbacteriosis CNS signs Erythema Vulvar edema Tissue irritation | Safe Cartilage damage Retinopathy CNS signs | Forbidden for FPS Carcinogenic for rodents CNS signs | Forbidden for FPS Carcinogenic for rodents Residue toxicity | Safe Crystalluria for Cats KCS for Dogs Sulfmethemoglobinemia Vitamin K deficiency Hemorrhagic syndrome Immunocomplexes Pancytopenia |
| Indication: | Narrow Spectrum Penicillins: Respiratory infections (Fastidious) GI infections (Clostridium) Streptococcosis Anthrax Tetanus Swine erysipelas Extended Spectrum Penicillins: Mastitis | Respiratory infections (Fastidious) GI infections (Clostridium) Streptococcosis Anthrax Tetanus Swine erysipelas Mastitis Dermatitis Soft tissue infections Osteomyelitis Septicaemia UTI Oral infections Lyme disease | 1st Generation Cephalosporins: Dermatitis, Soft tissue infections, Mastitis Preoperative prophylaxis 2nd Generation Cephalosporins: Similar to Extended Spectrum Penicillins Cephamycins: Oral infection Bite wounds | Respiratory infections (Fastidious) Dermatitis, Soft tissue infections, Mastitis Metritis Septicaemia Foot rot BBB Crossing: Meningitis, Lyme disease | Respiratory infections (Fastidious, Mycoplasma: Spectinomycin) GI infections (Aerobic): 1st choice UTI Mastitis Osteomyelitis Topical Septicaemia Protozoa infections: Paromomycin Leishmania Cryptosporidium | Respiratory infections (Fastidious, Mycoplasma, Bordetella) Swine pathogens (S. suis, G. parasuis, B. bronchiseptica) Feline Mycoplasmosis Mastitis Metritis Foot rot Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis Ileitis Nocardiosis Heartworm Heartwater 1st choice: Lyme disease (D) Anaplasmosis (D) Chlamydophilosis (T) Angular limb deformities Autoimmune diseases | Respiratory infections (Fastidious, Mycoplasma) Swine pathogens (S. suis, G. parasuis, E. coli) Fish pathogens (A. salmonicida, V. anguillarum) (Foot rot) Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis MRSA/MRSP Otitis Dermatitis Prostatitis Meningitis | Respiratory infections (Fastidious, Mycoplasma, Bordetella, Chlamydophilae, Rhodococcus: ACE G) GI infections (Clostridium, Campylobacter: ACE, Swine dysentery: Tylvalosin Ileitis: Tylosin, Tylvalosin) Oral infections, Bite wounds, Anal sacculitis Lyme disease | Respiratory infections (Mycoplasma, Fastidious: combined with Spectinomycin) GI infections (Brachyspira, Lawsonia, Clostridium) Mastitis, Dermatitis Foot rot, Wound, Abscesses Toxoplasmosis Bone, Placenta, Prostate infections | Respiratory infections (Fastidious, Mycoplasma) GI infections (Brachyspira, Lawsonia, ERE: Valnemulin) Leptospirosis Swine erysipelas | Respiratory infections (Fastidious, Mycoplasma, Bordetella) GI infections UTI Osteomyelitis Acute Mastitis and Prostatitis (E. coli): 1st choice Oral infections: Pradofloxacin Soft tissue infections, Pyoderma Otitis externa Cat biliary disease Meningitis Peritonitis: with Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid or Metronidazole | Severe GI infections (Clostridium, Helicobacter) Oral infections, Anal sacculitis, Abscess Protozoa infections | Multidrug resistant UTI | Respiratory infections (Fastidious, Bordetella, Nocardia) UTI Prostatitis Acute Mastitis Colitis Protozoa infections: Coccidia Toxoplasma |